a) A linear pattern of altered mucosa from cardia through distal segments of esophagus

b) Erythema-congestion in distal segments of esophagus 

c) Incompetence of the gastro-esophageal junction 

d) All the above are correct

a) It is only diagnosed by contrast radiography

b) Generally the diagnosis is made at endoscopy

c) There are typical endoscopic findings

d) None of the above

a) General anesthesia

b) Chronic vomiting

c) Foreign bodies C

d) All of the above

a) Endoscopy is not necessary for diagnosis

b) Generalized esophageal dilation may be observed at endoscopy C

c) It is commonly diagnosed by radiography C

d) All of the above are false

a) Acute

b) Chronic

c) Only those with a suspicion of Helicobacter as the aetiological agent

d) Endoscopy is not usually used in diagnosis

a) Most animals infected are not symptomatic

b) Histopathological study is not usually adequate to identify the organisms

c) Diagnosis always requires the use of urease kits

d) Endoscopy is not useful for diagnosis

a) Chronic vomiting is a common clinical finding

b) Hematemesis never occurs

c) Endoscopy is the most appropriate diagnostic technique

d) NSAIDs are one of the most common causes

a) It can be diagnosed by endoscopy

b) Chronic vomiting (sometimes with hematemesis) is usually found

c) Radiography and ultrasonography alone are sufficient to diagnose it

d) It is usually found in the cardiac region

a) A thickened mucosa

b) Raised plaques with large central ulceration

c) Polypoid lesions

d) All the options are correct

a) It is seldom diagnosed by endoscopy

b) The most common type in small animals is lymphocytic-plasmacytic

c) Biopsy sampling is advisable but not strictly necessary for diagnosis

d) All the above are correct

a) A thickened mucosa

b) Raised plaques with large central ulceration

c) Polypoid lesions

d) All the options are correct

b) It can be diagnosed by duodenal fluid cultures

c) Fasting serum analysis of cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate are regarded as very sensitive

d) It induces an increase in cobalamin and a decrease in folate levels

a) Ascites is never found

b) Diarrhea and weight loss may be found

c) It requires intestinal biopsy analysis for diagnosis

d) Endoscopy and biopsy is an adequate diagnostic method

a) It is not useful

b) It is important in animals with a suspicion of small intestinal disorder (inflammatory or neoplasic)

c) It is generally explored in its whole length

d) All of the above are false

a) Vomiting

b) Hematochezia

c) Tenesmus

d) None of the above

a) Polyps

b) Strictures

c) Idiopathic colitis

d) Bleeding lesions

a) Enteritis

b) Colitis

c) Gastritis

d) They are not used for digestive diseases

a) It mainly affects Boxer dogs

b) It causes diarrhea, but never hematochezia

c) Ulcers are commonly found at endoscopy

d) It has a favourable prognosis

a) The possibility to locate a bleeding point

b) It makes no significant contribution

c) Therapeutic potential

d) Diagnostic tests are limited to coprologic study